Comparing and Contrasting the Indus River Valley Essay

The Indus River Valley and Tigris and Euphrates River Valley civilizations are important to history, and they have some notable similarities and differences in their â€Å"institutions† of religion and politics that helped shape the development of them. One major institution that helped shape the Indus River Valley Civilization is the Aryans. The Aryans might have destroyed and taken over the Indus River Valley Civilization but they did shape that area. They introduced the Caste System in the area, which is still in use in India today. The Aryans had a polytheistic religion which eventually formed into Hinduism. So, the Aryans not only shaped the Indus River Valley area but also India. The Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Civilizations also had a social system but it didn’t influence anything as much as the Aryan Caste System did. The Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Civilizations had a different â€Å"Institution†. They had a monotheistic religion known as Zoroastrianism. Founded in 600 B.C/B.C.E by Zoroaster, it states that there is a supreme deity called Ahura Mazda, and two other gods, the spirit of good named Spenta Mainyu and the spirit of evil named Angra Mainyu are in a cosmic struggle. In conclusion, the Indus River Valley Civilization and the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Civilizations had some similarities and differences. Both had a social system, both only the Indus River Valley Civilization had the Aryans,whose polytheistic religion formed into Hinduism. However, the Tigris and Euphrates River Valley Civilizations had Zoroastrianism, a monotheistic religion.

Convection Currents Essay

There are many different reasons why the earth’s crust is moving. Some for example are the friction between two plates causing major earthquakes. Sometimes when this plates are pushed together they form fold mountains or ridges. Today we know that the continents are gradually moving apart. Therefore the there is new rocks created in between those areas. New volcanoes are created and new rocks are formed. Plate tectonics allow scientists to know about the earth’s centre. The oceanic plate slides under the continental plate because it is heavier. Once it goes under the continental plate it melts into the asthenosphere. The Richter scale is a scale that scientists use to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. It can tell us how much the earth’s crust has moved (how hard; effecting the surface). A shift along a fault on the continental crust could also cause earthquakes. Teacher copy The earth’s crust I s made up of sections called plates. These sections ‘float’ on the liquid mantle and slowly move around. The movement of the plates is caused by convection currents. A convection current is how a liquid moves when it is heated. Hot liquid rises up and pushes the cooler liquid out of the way. In the mantle, this is happening all the time. As the liquid rock moves, it can push the continents on the plates In this diagram you can see the convection currents in the mantle and the direction In the middle of the ocean, new rock is formed when hot rock from the mantle rises up. At the edges of ocean, old crust is destroyed when it stinks down under the continent an melts again. In this diagram, you can see new crust forming at the mid-ocean ridge and pushing the old crust towards the continent.

Mass migration from rural to urban areas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mass migration from rural to urban areas - Essay Example In China, the particular phenomenon, has led to the transformation of the country’s existing social and economic characteristics. It should be noted that in China, mass migration is rather a recent activity; indeed, it was just after the 1970s that the initial trends for mass migration towards Chinese cities were identified (Zhou 2009). The changes on the common political and social structure are just part of this activity. As in all countries worldwide, in China mass migration has been a continuous expanding phenomenon, quite difficult to be controlled. In accordance with the literature published in the particular field, the positive effects of mass migration in China have been combined with certain drawbacks, a fact which is made clear in cities across the country. The environmental challenges of the specific activity, as explained below, lead to the assumption that mass migration in China should be closely monitored as threatening the country’s natural environment. T he introduction of appropriate measures could help to the transformation of mass migration in China to a proactive social and economic activity; the damages of this activity on the country’s environment could be also reduced, even in the long term. 2. Mass migration in China – benefits and drawbacks 2.1 Economic, social and political benefits of mass migration from rural to urban areas in China – comparison to the negative effects of this activity The development of Chinese urban areas has been highly supported by the rural population. In accordance with Zweig (1997) because of the needs of rural construction thousands of male farmers have been relocated to cities; their income has been increased and their lifestyle has been changed (Zweig 1997, p.20). Through this process, the structure of workforce in the country’s rural areas has been changed – the percentage of women in the labour workforce of these areas has been increased, a fact that led to the transformation of social life in these regions. The development of mass migration in China resulted to the following economic and social benefits: a) the urban areas of the country were highly developed, b) the economic performance of the country was improved; the services sector – mainly developed in ur ban areas – was improved, along with the manufacturing sector, supporting the country’s growth, c) the living conditions of people were improved – especially in terms of medical support, education and leisure (Ping 2004). However, gradually, mass migration in China has led to the change of employment prospects in the country’s cities. In the past, the level of unemployment in Chinese cities was relatively low – due to the lack of sufficient workforce; however, today, the prospects for work in large Chinese cities have been reduced. This phenomenon is described in the study of Yeh et al. (2011) where reference is made to the increase of street vending in Chinese cities, as a result of the increase of unemployment. It is explained that the labour surplus in Chinese cities has led to the development of the particular mode of work, at such level that today street vending has become ‘the occupation of the 4% of the entire employed populationâ€⠄¢ (Yeh et al. 2011, p.30). The above phenomenon reflects the economic turbulences related to mass migration in China; it also shows the potential effects of mass migration on society. Because of mass migration, a significant part of the population has been led to choose modes of work that offer a low quality of life, such

Spain and its unemployment problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spain and its unemployment problems - Essay Example Causes of high unemployment rates in Spain There have been high reported incidences of unemployment throughout the entire region of the European Union and Spain being among the countries highly affected by the issue. According to data collected by the economics ministry, the rate of unemployment varies among the countries in European Union. For example, it indicated that by then, the rate of unemployment in Luxembourg was 13%, while the rate of unemployment in Spain was 24%. Therefore, there must be different internal factors in Spain, which contributes to the increase of unemployment rates.These factors include; Spain faces high rates of unemployment due to Real Wage Unemployment. This is a dis-equilibrium unemployment, which happens when the required real wages for a given jobs are above the market clearing level. This type of unemployment in Spain results from trade unions and other wages boards. Secondly, Spain records high rates of unemployment because of demand deficient unempl oyment, which lowers the demand for both the goods and services produced within the country. Economic recession experienced in Spain contributes to this problem as they results into many companies closing up their businesses hence putting off workers. Thirdly, Spain has high rates of unemployment rates resulting from frictional unemployment. This type of unemployment occurs when people change jobs. It can also occur when fresh graduates from universities take a lot of time while in search of an appropriate job that has attractive wages hence being among the unemployed. Finally, incidences of unemployment are high in Spain due low quality and poorly designed... Unemployment refers to an economic indicator that measures the persons who are willing and capable of working but they cannot due to inadequate jobs. According to the report released by the Economy minister in Spain, the country is experiencing high rates of recession, which will result into an increase in the unemployment rates. The rate of unemployment in the country has highly increased to 25%; hence, negatively affecting its financial status. In Spain, the rate of unemployment is elevated amidst women than men. This is because in 2012, the total unemployed men accounts for 23.60% as women accounts for 24.60% (Dobre& Adriana 184). The rate of unemployment is very high among the youths, which shows the difficulties that young people encounter in search of jobs. Spain has also recorded an inflation rate of 1.9 %. Since 2002 up to 2012, the highest inflation rate was 5.3 % recorded in July 2008 while the lowest was 1.4% recorded in July 2009 (Osuna 43). Therefore, it is important for Spain’s government to introduce control bank monetary policy in order to maintain price stability so that the inflation rates can be below and close to 2% as increase in inflation rate increases the rate of unemployment in a given state (Osuna 43).As a means of solving the issue of unemployment in Spain, the government should ensure that it fosters economic growth because it highly generates more jobs. This means that the legislative authorities should study their economic process and introduce impetus to the economy including buying debts from agencies for them to hire.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 358

Assignment Example The counselor told him that if he obeyed the institutional rules he would go to school to get his GED and this would help him a lot. The kind of world the speaker has built in the text is the prison world because he describes where new cons are taken that is diagnostic center, he also explains the routine checkup that is four times a day in his prison world. The rules of this world are the prison rules like check up four times a day, their mode of dressing. Some people in this world are treated with respect others with fear example the guy who had cooked heroin was treated with respect. Those welcome are the punks as they can pay protection example we do was attacked with a toothbrush to pay for protection hence showing he was not welcome. Continuing themes are showing the author from different times of his life example his early life before he went to prison like how he used to help his grandmother with work and was happy, the new understanding being conveyed here is unity he had with his family. The exploration of these themes helps engage in complexity of humanity example ways of survival because in the passage he says you are on your own there as no one will help you not even family. According to the writer, only the heart helps them survive in prison as there is no past or future, it’s just the moment. Humanity is all about survival. Example the author’s father tries to quit drinking that shows some humanity in him and tries it for his wife, which shows survival or saving his marriage though still Cecilia the author’s mother still abandons him out of fear of his actions when he is

Analyzing Culture Researching Subculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analyzing Culture Researching Subculture - Essay Example Despite the size and purpose of any subculture, one needs to be aware of the fact that it could leave a significant impact on the society and furthermore could present the possibility of proving to be life altering in the long run. This paper seeks to conduct a research into the origin of Bosozoku and how influential this subculture is in today's society - not only in Japan but also, the rest of the world. To begin with, it focuses on the starting place of the Japanese subculture called Bosozoku, when it started and by whom it was started. This has been critically analyzed to study the main purpose of their subculture and how is has changed over time. Secondly, this paper concentrates on how influential Bosozoku is within Japan and what lies behind the influence and the growth. Thirdly, it focuses on the impact it has on the rest of the world, especially the USA. Before introducing this subculture, it would be imperative to talk about the emerging trends. The rising volume of teenagers showing interest and rendering involvement to modified cars and motorbikes, boy racers and midnight rides are no longer an issue in today's society. But the question that needs to be answered pertains to where it all started and by whom. (Greenfield, 1995) In tandem with this perspective is a corresponding and rather common view is that a causal relationship exists between the policing system and low crime rates in Japan. According to these views, subcultures need to be reduced to a state where they hold minimal significance in Japan. However, numerous, visible, and significant subcultural formations continue to peacefully and unobtrusively exist in these parts. These include groupings of street youths, Bosozoku (hot-rodder) groups, and Yakuza, which may be further described as networks of male adult criminal organizations. (Sato, 1991) Bosozoku, a Japanese subculture has immensely grown to influence the Japanese society in the last 10 to 15 years (Jachim, 1993); from adults to even teenagers. Having originated as a bunch of bored bikers who went by the name of Kaminari - zoku, the Bosozokus have branched out as a group that believes in adorning themselves in traditional Japanese garb and boasting of a contrasting cosmopolitan perspective as well. The cities generally find them cruising around in sophisticated, and more often than not, bikes that are illegally modified, with an intention that seemingly revolves around teasing the local police in the peaceful suburbs. So why aren't they being taken to task The answer to that might have something to do with the implication that they might share connections with the Japanese underworld, otherwise known as Yakuza, as well as the Uyoku. That explains why most people are scared of them and regard them as dangerous. (Jachim, 1993; p. 277) Most of the assumptions that exist in the Western world regarding Japanese crime control seem to be based on notions of a specific Japanese "shame culture," in which social pressures force all individuals to conform to these laws and norms revolving around, or dictated by these subcultures. The subculture popularly referred to as "The Bosozoku - speed tribes" - basically consists of Japan's discontented youth. The Bosozoku have been around since Japan's rebirth as an industrial power after World War II; starting on September the 6th, 1959, when

Visual analusis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visual analusis - Essay Example There are beautiful pictures of the Island, which give off a very refreshing feel. Water is shown mostly as it is the main attraction for people, while volcanic mountains are another great attraction and they are showcased too. The pictures are about people having the time of their lives. These images appeal to the fun side of people, showing them the various activities they can participate in. It gives the idea of being close to nature and having as much fun as one wants. However, this is not all the island has to offer, there are other things that are equally important and the one thing that is evident everywhere is the Hawaiian culture. A detailed account of the history of Hawaii is also present on the website to make it easier for people to view ("Hawaiian Islands"). The videos present on the website are up to date and they promote the culture, informing the people about the various spots that should be visited. They let people know about the specialities of Hawaii, convincing them to visit the place. For this purpose, these videos are also made at spots that are very beautiful and serene. The basic thing that is being focusses upon is the peacefulness –as there are beaches to relax on and various spas for massages. It is supposed to be a get-away from the hectic routine and this is exactly what this campaign portrays. Water plays a major role in this. It portrays a very soothing picture and gives a "visual breadth of space" that in turn provides openness and peace to the mind (Keane and Ohashi 150-151). The intended idea is for people to realize that for a certain period of time they will be surrounded by the tranquility of the exotic landscape and culture of Hawaii that will make them forget all their problems and enjoy to the fullest. People can listen to the stories present in the video section of the website and become more confident about choosing Hawaii as a spot for vacations ("Hawaiian Islands"). The text is easy to read, and is

Solution and Advantages Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Solution and Advantages - Research Paper Example Despite an increase in employment opportunities in the U.S, there has been misuse and oppression of the employed population. The Department of Labor should, therefore, prioritize on improving various federal labor laws that protect both the employees and employers who form the working force toward improving the U.S economy. One of these federal labor laws is the Family and Medical Leave Act that provides a major platform for supporting and recognizing the families of the employed population in America (Schwartz, 2009). Because of the need to improve the U.S economy through the efforts of the employed labor force, the Family and Medical Leave Act should be changed in order to motivate and improve the welfare of the employed population. After the World War II, the U.S has experienced a number of economic recessions. The first one was the deep recession which occurred in 1981 and the great recession in 2007. During that time it took a great deal of effort to regain the economy through creation of jobs. Before the 1990s, the labor market was recovered with a lot of pressure imposed on the labor force in fear of the economy collapsing again. There was a violation of workers’ rights who found it difficult to balance work with their families. These workers, especially women, did not have the power to fight for their rights. However, for that matter the Women’s Legal Defense Fund was established in 1984 to fight for the rights of women in the working environment. However, since, it was not supported by the U.S government it did not have great impact (Fraumeni et al, 1984). The Women’s Legal Defense Fund appealed a draft of legislation which transformed it to The Family and Medical Leave Act. The Act would be introduced in the Congress every year between 1984 and 1993, but was always blocked by well-funded opponents. Eventually, the act was passed in 1991 and 1992 by the

Evil, its symbols and the environment Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Evil, its symbols and the environment 2 - Essay Example Two rebel groups clashed against the Sudanese government because of its neglect of Darfur and its citizens, Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) (sometimes also called Liberation and Justice Movement) and Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). The Sudanese government unleashed an attack against the rebel forces and the ordinary citizens in the city were just collateral damage. Men, women, and children of all ages were murdered on both sides of the conflict (Reuters). Though at present the atrocities in Darfur have somewhat ceased, the harrowing events that went before were enough to leave the community in despair and disarray. The best symbol I can associate to the conflict in Darfur is the balance. As defined in J. C. Cooper’s work, the balance symbolizes â€Å"justice; impartiality; judgment; man’s merits and demerits weighed. The equilibrium of all opposites and complementaries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (26). The warring parties think that the balance of justice and power are tipped agains t their side that is why they sacrifice countless lives to try and tip it in their favor. In thus struggle, the community pays the price. According to Barbara Coloroso, genocide is an experience of evil which shatters human communities. In this paper, I would like to present how genocide wrecks communities through three different perspectives: through the eyes of the Sudanese government, the eyes of the rebels, and through the eyes of the common citizen. Then I will try to draw conclusions from these differing perspectives in light of being a student of religion and culture – gleaning practical and philosophical lessons and insights from the experience of those that have witnessed and participated in the genocide at Darfur. The Perspective of the Sudanese Government Strong yet compassionate leadership is essential for a community to progress. Darfur became a territory of Sudan in 1916 and for more than a century, everything was relatively peaceful though there were insurgent groups that wanted to restore Darfur as an independent state (O’Fahey). The attack of the rebel forces against the government of Sudan was not tolerated because tolerance would be seen a sign of weakness. And so the bloody war and genocide started on 2003 continuing until the present with the fighting spreading to neighboring countries like Chad and the Central African Republic (Hentoff). The issue of trust. As the leaders of the community, it is expected that a country’s government will protect its territory and will most likely extinguish any flames of insurgency so as to unite its people and keep them safe. But communities are first and foremost built on trust. If the government doubts members of its citizenry and brands them as rebels and insurgents, then they will not be able to uphold their responsibility as protectors and mediators for peace. One of the government’s responsibilities is to uphold justice but in Darfur’s case, the line between good c itizens just trying to make those who are in power see that they have been neglected, and those that just want to destabilize the rule got blurred. Thus, whom will the government protect? Who can they trust? The issue of â€Å"the greater good†. Part of the responsibilities in leading a community is making tough and unpopular decisions. UN estimates that at least 300,000 people have died because of the atrocities in Darfur (Reuters). That is just .08% of the 37.2

Dth Industry Scope Essay Example for Free

Dth Industry Scope Essay The total number of households in our country is around 231 Million out of which Television households are only 148 Million (TAM Annual universe Update 2012). DTH Subscribers registered with Pvt. Service Providers is 44.21 Million (Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicator Report Dec 2011 by TRAI). That shows the future growth potential of DTH industry. With the Government drive for rise in rural electrification, income and the consumption patterns, people have started demanding quality products. This is resulting into faster adoption of DTH as a category. The presence of all channels across the country is an enabler and will continue to be the game changer in favor of DTH Platforms. The recent regulation of Telecom Regulatory Authority stipulating the complete Digitalization in India by 2014 will further strengthen the demand and growth of the sector. With the government aggressively pushing in for digitization of TV, Multi System Cable Operators (MSOs) are expected to lose their subscribers to DTH during the 4 phases that requires the complete digitization of four metros namely Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Kolkata, then 38 cities across India, all the urban areas and finally complete India by 31st December 2014. The recent success in installation of DTH TV in railways and buses will also unfold opportunities of such roll out in times to come. The new retail chain outlets spreading all across the country will also help in presence and acceptance of the DTH category as an off-the-shelf product. The recent successful launch of HD set top box, set top box with live recording etc†¦ will also create a new demand for the technology, further accentuating the growth story. In nut shell, the rise of rural consumption, reduction in the entry level price, variety of content, wide spectrum of value added service, large landscape still under cable dry area and the approach towards personalizing the services to the customers will continue to act as opportunity areas in the forthcoming years for DTH service.

SWOT analysis of Ryan Air and subsequent decisions to make business essay

SWOT analysis of Ryan Air and subsequent decisions to make business essay Business changes its style, shape and presentation. New technology, new methods, new strategy has made the difference. The entire way of business has change today. Now organizations can take decisions before they get entered into new market, they can be aware from the obvious dangers. Strategic management is very good subject to study in modern days business prospect. Through the assignment a lots of strategic matters came into knowledge, which was unknown before. Thanks to the institute and my lecturer to work with such an interesting subject. Introduction SWOT analysis is a simple framework for generating strategic alternatives from a situation analysis. It is applicable to either the corporate level or the business unit level and frequently appears in marketing plans. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The internal and external situation analysis can produce a large amount of information, much of which may not be highly relevant. The SWOT analysis can serve as an interpretative filter to reduce the information to a manageable quantity of key issues. The SWOT analysis classifies the internal aspects of the company as strengths or weaknesses and the external situational factors as opportunities or threats. Strengths can serve as a foundation for building a competitive advantage, and weaknesses may hinder it. By understanding these four aspects of its situation, a firm can better leverage its strengths, correct its weaknesses, capitalize on golden opportunities, and deter potentially devastating threats.( Understanding Change, by Jane Edmonds, page no 22) The radical and ongoing changes occurring in society create an uncertain environment and have an impact on the function of the whole organization. A number of checklists have been developed as ways of cataloguing the vast number of possible issues that might affect an industry. A PEST analysis is one of them that are merely a framework that categorizes environmental influences as political, economic, social and technological forces. Sometimes two additional factors, environmental and legal, will be added to make a PESTEL analysis, but these themes can easily be subsumed in the others. The analysis examines the impact of each of these factors and their interplay with each other on the business. The results can then be used to take advantage of opportunities and to make contingency plans for threats when preparing business and strategic plans. (Industrial Marketing, by Krishna K. Havaldar, page no 45) (Havaldar, 2008, p45) http://www.welove2ski.com/images/news/ryanair_plane.jpg (Ryan Air logo, figure no-1) Primary collected datas of Ryan Air Ryan Air is an Irish airline with headquarter in Dublin and its biggest operational base at London Stansted Airport. It is Europes largest low cost carrier and one of the worlds largest and most successful airlines in terms of profits, number of flights and number of passengers flown. Today the carrier is the first airline in Europe per passengers traffic 66 million boasts more then 950 routes in 26 countries, 36 bases and it is recognised as one of the most punctual airline in Europe. (Strength: Growing number of passengers for Rayan Airways) http://www.ryanair.com/en/news/Ryan-s-july-traffic-grows-19-percent SWOT analysis of Ryan Air Strengths: Strong pan European brand (36 bases), Biggest and most profitable LCC Europe and Focused aggressive and innovative management system. Secondary and regional airports allow cost reduction and fast turnaround. Strong balance sheet and cash generation allow facing eventual problems, increase capability to attract finance, enhance capability to take risk and face new challenges and competitive price on aircrafts parches. Reduce barriers to its entry in new market, while contributing to increase barriers to new entrants. High seat occupancy rate and lowest seat mile in short haul flights. Uniform and modern fleet shaves on maintenance; training costs which is enhance safety and fuel efficiency. High rate on punctuality and low baggage lose rate give reliability to the organization. High rate of aircraft utilization allow the revenue to increase. Point to point flight as apposed to hub and spoke allows service cost reduction. Low labour non union cost, low cost due to flat and simple form of the organization. And major earning from innovative ancillary service. Weakness is seen as the organizations internal factor. Because organizations dont want to let the competitor know about their business weakness. The weakness of Ryan airs are bellow. Weakness: Exposed to regulation on airport deals and passengers compensation , the distance between secondary airports to the main location. Lacking of appropriate frequency in certain routes and brand is strictly linked to a low cost model and maintain the position could be challenging. Too much exposed to outsourcing. Market extremely sensitive to price elasticity, prone to bad press I that its top management is perceives as arrogant and provocative. Poor customer service is one of the big weaknesses of Ryan air. And high seat available could be a problem for when they flying to less popular destinations. Limited slots in main airport could be a big problem in the future. Constant innovation requirements to sustain the business model and low empathy for employees and high turnaround could increase the CO2 emission. Opportunity: European market still offers considerable for developing the business model, under way industry consolation offers opportunities for new routes and airport deals. EU enlargement allows expending in new markets; demand based on price should remain high independently of economic cycle. Bad condition of Italian air industry gives an opportunity for consolidation in Italian market. Threats: New entrants on the market and increased competition in the near future, some flag carriers have tried to reposition as low cost carriers. Some other tradition carriers have reduced fares which could undermine the market share. A serious accident could endanger trust on low cost industry. High speed trains and land transport, environmental taxes could be big threats for Ryan air. PESTEL analysis of Ryan Air PESTEL is the acronym for political, environmental, social, technological, legal and environmental, and all this tools devoted to carry out analysis considering the external influences to an organizations activity is of fundamental to properly develop a reliable strategy. Political: The political aspect of the tool considers the possible political influence on the strategy pursued by the organization. For Ryan air this aspect has represented a considerable advantage, in that the European Union is a completely stable political region and EU integration has allowed the carrier to expand its activity and route. Economical: The ageing population factor is likely to impact the travel industry in the next decade and to cause a shift in land transport, easier to access, to use and allowing movements from and to central city areas. Young generations like this carriers airline and because of its cheap ticket price it is become economically stronger. Social: Another uncanny social trend is represented by the tendency to the cocoon effect every time a terrorism act is carried out people follow events like these, prefer to avoid travelling then stay home. On the other hand it is very likely that the young generation are much more likely to use carriers fro their travel and are the more enjoying the benefits of a common European area where they can move from a capital to another in an average one hour to forty five minutes at very low price. Technological: As for the technological aspect the video conferencing system could deter business people to travel in many circumstances, but not leisure travellers. It must be said that technology been crucial for Ryan airs success and it is likely to be important in the future. Internet in particular has allowed the organization to avoid lots of cost. Environmental: The aircrafts new generation engine in terms of less emission and less fuel consumption will allow the organization to move on through its cost reduction strategy. Legal: The legal aspect has had and could still have negative effect on the carriers activity, the emission constrains set by European commission its actively on implementing and monitoring antitrust law and policies and the EU legislation on working time regulation and union recognition sooner or later will affects Ryan airs policies and this could seriously threaten its revenue result. http://solvay.ulb.ac.be/cours/alle/BuspPresRyanair04.pdf Porters Diamond and national advantage Increasingly, corporate strategies have to be seen in a global context. Even if an organization does not plan to import or to export directly, management has to look at an international business environment, in which actions of competitors, buyers, sellers, new entrants of providers of substitutes may influence the domestic market. Information technology is reinforcing this trend. (Advanced in statistics, comminatory and related area, by Chandra Gulati, Yan-Xia and Jonh Rayen, page no 53) Michael Porter introduced a model that allows analyzing why some nations are more competitive than others are, and why some industries within nations are more competitive than others are, in his book The Competitive Advantage of Nations. This model of determining factors of national advantage has become known as Porters Diamond. It suggests that the national home base of an organization plays an important role in shaping the extent to which it is likely to achieve advantage on a global scale. This home base provides basic factors, which support or hinder organizations from building advantages in global competition. Porter distinguishes four determinants and they are conditions Demand condition. (Michael Porters diamond model, figure no-3) Factor Conditions The situation in a country regarding production factors, like skilled labour, infrastructure, etc., which are relevant for competition in particular industries. These factors can be grouped into human resources like qualification level cost of labour, commitment etc, material resources or natural resources, vegetation, space acknowledge resources, capital resources, and infrastructure. They also include factors like quality of research on universities, deregulation of labour markets, or liquidity of national stock markets. These national factors often provide initial advantages, which are subsequently built upon. Each country has its own particular setoff factor conditions; hence, in each country will develop those industries for which the particular set of factor conditions is optimal. This explains the existence of so-called low-cost-countries (low costs of labour), agricultural countries large countries with fertile soil, or the start-up culture in the United States well developed venture capital market. Porter points out that these factors are not necessarily nature-made or inherited. They may develop and change. Political initiatives, technological progress or socio-cultural changes, for instance, may shape national factor conditions. A good example is the discussion on the ethics of genetic engineering and cloning that will influence knowledge capital in this field in North America and Europe. Home Demand Conditions Describes the state of home demand for products and services produced in country. Home demand conditions influence the shaping of particular factor conditions. They have impact on the pace and direction of innovation and product development. According to Porter, home demand is determined by three major characteristics: their mixture (the mix of customers needs and wants), their scope and growth rate, and the mechanisms that transmit domestic preferences to foreign markets. Porter states that a country can achieve national advantages in an industry or market segment, if home demand provides clearer and earlier signals of demand trends to domestic suppliers than to foreign competitors. Normally, home markets have a much higher influence on an organizations ability to recognize customers needs than foreign markets do. Related and Supporting Industries: The existence or non-existence of internationally competitive supplying industries and supporting industries. One internationally successful industry may lead to advantages in other related or supporting industries. Competitive supplying industries will reinforce innovation and internationalization in industries at later stages in the value system. Besides suppliers, related industries are of importance. These are industries that can use and coordinate particular activities in the value chain together, or that are concerned with complementary products like hardware and software. A typical example is the shoe and leather industry in Italy. Italy is not only successful with shoes and leather, but with related products and services such as leather working machinery, design, etc. Firm Strategy, Structure, and Rivalry: The conditions in a country that determine how companies are established, are organized and are managed, and that determine the characteristics of domestic competition here, cultural aspects play an important role. Indifferent nations, factors like management structures, working morale, or interactions between companies are shaped differently. This will provide advantages and disadvantages for particular industries. Typical corporate objectives in relation to patterns of commitment among workforce are of special importance. They are heavily influenced by structures of ownership and control. Family-business based industries theatre dominated by owner-managers will behave differently than publicly quoted companies. Porter argues that domestic rivalry and the search for competitive advantage within agnation can help provide organizations with bases for achieving such advantage on a more global scale. Porters Diamond has been used in various ways. O rganizations may use the model to identify the extent to which they can build on home based advantages to create competitive advantage in relation to others on a global front. On national level, governments can (and should) consider the policies that they should follow to establish national advantages, which enable industries in their country to develop a strong competitive position globally. According to Porter, governments can foster such advantages by ensuring high expectations of product performance, safety or environmental standards, or encouraging vertical co-operation between suppliers and buyers on a domestic. (Government globalization and international business, by John H. Dunning, page no 31) Purpose and attributes of SWOT Once Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats are listed, now the decision makers must go through the attributes in the listed categories. In each of the categories a more thorough analysis of each attribute listed must take place. The most important outcome from a SWOT Analysis is to determine if a goal or objective can be achieved. If it cant, it might want to repeat the process including new strengths and opportunities, digging deeper into analysis process. However, if looking at the SWOT Analysis, the decision makers feel that the goal or objective can be achieved, they can start by using the analysis to create a strategy to achieve the goal. One of the ways to get the most out of SWOT Analysis is to ask basic questions using SWOT. For instance, look at the strengths and figure out how organizations can maximize every steps of strength to achieve the goal. Continue on with external opportunities, figure out the best ways to take advantage of each opportunity and reduce the threats that can cause failure for the organization when trying to achieve organizational goal. (Dynamic SWOT analysis, by T. Richard Dealtry, page no 17) Environmental Change and the impact on the strategic dynamics The business environment of the firm consists of all the external influences that affect its decisions and performance. Given the vast number and range of external influences, how can managers hope to monitor, environmental conditions. The starting point is some kind of system or framework for organizing information. For example, environmental influences can be classified by source into political, economic, social, and technological factors PEST analysis or by proximity the micro-environment or task environment can be distinguished from the wider influences that form the macro-environment. Though systematic, continuous scanning of the whole range of external influences might seem desirable, such extensive environmental analysis is unlikely to be cost effective and creates information overload. (System Analysis and design level three, by D. Barnaed, page no 131) The prerequisite for effective environmental analysis is to distinguish the vital from the merely important. For the firm to make profit it must create value for customers. Hence, it must understand its customers. Second, in creating value, the firm acquires goods and services from suppliers. Hence, it must understand its suppliers and how to form business relationships with them. Third, the ability to generate profitability from value-creating activity depends on the intensity of competition among firms that vie for the same value-creating opportunities. Hence, the firm must understand competition. Thus, the core of the firms business environment is formed by its relationships with three sets of players: customers, suppliers, and competitors. This is its industry environment. This is not to say that macro-level factors such as general economic trends, changes in demographic structure, or social and political trends are unimportant to strategy analysis. These factors may be critical determinants of the threats and Opportunities Company will face in the future. (Understanding Organizational context, by Claire Capon, page no 15) Conclusion In different situation in business organizations need to take difficult decisions very prompt. But before taking the decision they need to confirm that they are taking the right decision in the right time, in right manner. It is important because the effect is diverted into the whole organization. Thats why they try to make the right decision through the help of various analyses. References Barnard. D (2008), System Analysis and design level three, 1st edn, Pearson publications ltd, Forest drive, Pinelands, Cape Town, South Africa. C. Claire (2004), Understanding Organizational Context inside and outside of the organizations, Ashford colour press ltd, Gosport, 90 Tottenham Court road, London, UK. D. Richard T (2002), Dynamic SWOT analysis, 2nd edn, DSA publications ltd, 43 Hunstanton avenue, Harbome, Birmingham, B17 8SX, United Kingdom. D. John (2004), Governments, globalization and international business, 2nd edn, Oxford University press, New York, United states of America. E. 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